This chapter draws on Gramsci to theorise the specificities of Irish social movements, focusing on migration out of Ireland; the role of “outsiders” to the local community within Irish activism; and the recent upsurge in international migration to Ireland. Gramsci offers a powerful point of reference, not as decontextualized theorist but the leader of a severely repressed party on the brink of clandestinity, deeply concerned with regional and national particularity in order to organise more effectively; theorising intellectual activity to explore the classed development of social movements; concerned with hegemony not simply to understand but also to overthrow; and laying the groundwork for the cross-class alliances of the anti-fascist Resistance.